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🧠 Major Works of Karl Marx

📘 Early Writings

• Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844
  • Alienation of labor
  • Critique of private property
  • Human essence as productive activity
• The German Ideology (1845–46)(with Engels)
  • Historical materialism: “life determines consciousness”
  • Critique of idealism (esp. Hegel)

📗 Political Writings

• The Communist Manifesto (1848)(with Engels)
  • History as class struggle
  • Bourgeoisie vs. proletariat
  • Call for proletarian revolution
• The Class Struggles in France (1850)
  • Analysis of 1848 revolutions
  • Development of class dynamics
• The 18th Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte (1852)
  • Dialectical analysis of politics and class interests
  • Concept of political “farce” repeating history

📙 Economic Writings

• A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy (1859)
  • Base and superstructure theory
  • Early formulation of surplus value
• Capital (Das Kapital), Volumes I–III (1867–1894)
  • Volume I: Production of capital
  • Volume II: Circulation of capital
  • Volume III: Overall dynamics, profit rate, crises
• Theories of Surplus Value (1862–63)
  • History of economic thought
  • Critique of classical economists (Smith, Ricardo, etc.)

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🔢 Major Equations and Economic Concepts

1. Labor Theory of Value

• Value of a Commodity:
  V=c+v+sV = c + v + s
  where:
  • cc = constant capital (means of production)
  • vv = variable capital (wages)
  • ss = surplus value
• Surplus Value:
  s=m−vs = m – v
  where mm is the value produced by labor

2. Rate of Surplus Value (Exploitation Rate)

• s′=svs’ = \frac{s}{v}

3. Rate of Profit

• r=sc+vr = \frac{s}{c + v}

4. Organic Composition of Capital

• OCC=cvOCC = \frac{c}{v}

5. Falling Rate of Profit (Tendency of the rate of profit to fall)

• As cv\frac{c}{v} increases, rr tends to fall, assuming s′s’ is constant.

6. Simple and Expanded Reproduction

• Capitalist accumulation through reinvestment of surplus value
• Reproduction schemas:
  • Simple reproduction: ss consumed
  • Expanded reproduction: ss reinvested

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🧩 Core Concepts Without Equations

• Commodity fetishism
• Alienated labor
• Historical materialism
• Class struggle
• Base and superstructure
• Capital accumulation
• Crisis theory

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